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ABSTRACT Objectives: to investigate studies that adopted the multilevel analysis model to identify behavioral and structural risk factors associated with HIV infection. Methods: an integrative review of the literature with studies available in full, obtained from EMBASE, CINAHL, Pubmed, and Scopus, whose selected descriptors were the indexed terms: "HIV", "multilevel analysis" and "behavior". Results: the search resulted in 236 studies. Out of these, ten studies comprised the sample. Economic disadvantage, neighborhood characteristics, housing instability, incarceration, transactional sex, multiple partners, substance abuse, and age at first intercourse were classified as structural and behavioral risk factors for HIV. Reduced socioeconomic disadvantage, provision of housing stability, and condom use were associated with protective factors for HIV exposure. Conclusions: by applying the multilevel model in risk factor research studies, it was possible to identify the structural and behavioral elements of HIV risk.
RESUMEN Objetivos: investigar estudios que adoptaron el modelo del análisis multinivel para identificar los factores de riesgo comportamentales y estructurales asociados al VIH. Método: es una revisión bibliográfica integradora con estudios disponibles en su totalidad, obtenidos de las bases de datos EMBASE, CINAHL, Pubmed y Scopus, cuyos descriptores fueron los términos: "HIV", "multilevel analysis", "behavior". Resultados: diez artículos, de los 236 encontrados, formaron parte de la muestra. Desventajas económicas, características del vecindario, inestabilidad habitacional, encarcelamiento, sexo transaccional, parejas múltiples, abuso de sustancias y edad de la primera relación sexual se destacaron como factores de riesgo estructurales y comportamentales del VIH. La reducción de desventajas socioeconómicas, la provisión de estabilidad habitacional y el uso de preservativos están asociados a la protección contra el VIH. Conclusiones: al aplicar el modelo multinivel en los estudios de investigación de los factores de riesgo, fue posible identificar los elementos estructurales y comportamentales del riesgo del VIH.
RESUMO Objetivos: investigar estudos que adotaram o modelo de análise multinível na identificação de fatores de risco comportamentais e estruturais, que estão associados a infecção pelo HIV. Métodos: revisão integrativa da literatura com estudos disponíveis na íntegra, obtidos nas bases EMBASE, CINAHL, Pubmed e Scopus, cujos descritores selecionados foram os termos constantes: "HIV", "multilevel analysis", "behavior". Resultados: a pesquisa resultou em 236 artigos. Destes, dez artigos compuseram a amostra. Desvantagem econômica, características de vizinhança, instabilidade habitacional, encarceramento, sexo transacional, múltiplos parceiros, abuso de substâncias e idade da primeira relação sexual foram classificados como fatores de risco estruturais e comportamentais ao HIV. Redução da desvantagem socioeconômica, fornecimento de estabilidade habitacional e uso de preservativos foram associados a fatores de proteção à exposição ao HIV. Conclusões: com a aplicabilidade do modelo multinível nos estudos de investigação de fatores de risco, foi possível identificar os elementos estruturais e comportamentais de risco ao HIV.
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Objective:To explore the influence of time of flight (TOF) and point spread function (PSF) on PET/CT image quality and standardized uptake value (SUV) based on a phantom study.Methods:PET/CT imaging were performed using Jaszczak phantom and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) body phantom respectively, and conventional clinical imaging protocol (3 min/bed) was used for three consecutive imaging. The ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM), OSEM+ TOF, OSEM+ PSF and OSEM+ TOF+ PSF were used to reconstruct the raw data respectively. The differences of image resolution, image uniformity, contrast, signal to noise ratio (SNR) and SUV among different reconstruction algorithms were compared by using one-way analysis of variance and the least significant difference (LSD) t test. The correlations between SNR, mean SUV (SUV mean), maximum SUV (SUV max) and the sphere diameter were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Results:The minimum image resolution for the hot column was 6.4 mm by OSEM and OSEM+ PSF reconstruction, while it was 4.8 mm by OSEM+ TOF and OSEM+ TOF+ PSF reconstruction. The contrast was significantly better by OSEM+ TOF ((78.56±1.21)%) and OSEM+ TOF+ PSF ((78.85±1.17)%) reconstruction than that by OSEM reconstruction ((73.44±1.47)%; F=61.068, t values: 9.503, 10.018, both P<0.001). The maximum and minimum nonuniformity percentages were significantly better for images reconstructed with OSEM+ PSF than those reconstructed with OSEM ( F values: 10.286, 27.630, t values: -2.599, 7.698, both P<0.05). In IEC phantom imaging, the SNR and SUV max of hot sphere were higher by OSEM+ PSF and OSEM+ TOF+ PSF reconstruction than those by OSEM reconstruction (SNR: (98.99±34.76)%, (98.29±28.66)%, (73.64±26.05)%; F=5.712, t values: 3.209, 3.412, both P<0.05; SUV max: 8.96±2.72, 9.28±2.17, 8.01±2.21; F=3.931, t values: 2.154, 2.863, both P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between OSEM+ TOF and OSEM reconstruction ( t values: 0.297, 0.272, both P>0.05). Among the four reconstruction methods, the SNR and SUV mean increased with the increase of the sphere diameter ( r values: 0.913-0.963, all P<0.05), but SUV max in images reconstructed with OSEM+ PSF and OSEM+ TOF+ PSF had no significant correlations with the sphere diameter ( r values: 0.496, 0.614, both P>0.05). Conclusions:Under specific acquisition and reconstruction conditions, TOF mainly improves image resolution and contrast, while PSF mainly improves image uniformity and SNR. The combination of the two method can obtain better image quality and significantly improve the SUV of hot lesions.
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Objective@#To describe bullying victimization of middle school students in Dalian and associated factors, so as to provide scientific basis for campus bullying prevention.@*Methods@#The stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 2 540 middle school students from urban and rural areas in Dalian, who were investigated with campus bullying victimization and related factors.@*Results@#The reported rate of campus bullying victimization among middle school students in Dalian was 25.11%. The rates of physical violence (5.99%, 3.66%) and verbal violence(24.93%, 15.87%) of male students were higher than that of female students( χ 2=6.56, 27.94, P <0.05). The rates of verbal violence (22.84%, 16.25%) and emotional neglect(16.84%, 13.18%) of junior high school students were higher than those of high school students( χ 2=14.21, 5.44, P < 0.05 ). The rates of physical violence(6.07%, 3.55%), verbal violence(24.58%, 16.05%) and emotional neglect(18.88%, 12.06 %) of rural students were higher than those of urban students( χ 2=7.72, 24.81, 19.64, P <0.05). Male students, junior high school students and rural students suffered more severe campus bullying than female students, high school students and urban students( Z =3.46, 3.75, 5.89, P <0.01). The structural equation model showed that academic performance (path coefficient -0.003) and father s education (path coefficient -0.004 ) have a direct negative effect on campus bullying behavior, while mother s education (indirect action coefficient -0.000 8), height(indirect action coefficient -0.000 3), father s education (indirect action coefficient -0.000 3) and weight (indirect action coefficient 0.000 2) indirect effects on campus bullying through academic performance.@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of campus bullying victimization among middle school students in Dalian is relatively high, which worths further attention to. Rural students, junior high school students and boys are more likely to suffer campus bullying. Improving academic performance might be beneficial for campus bullying prevention.
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Objective@#The random forest algorithm was used to construct a rapid screening diagnostic prediction model for children with autism spectrum disorder, to provide the references for early detection, early diagnosis of ASD children, and to reduce the pressure of ASD clinical diagnosis and assessment.@*Methods@#The random forest algorithm of machine learning was applied to build the auxiliary diagnosis model. Totally 346 ASD children and 90 normal children were evaluated by Social Responsiveness Scale and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. ROC curve, and accuracy was used to evaluate the models.@*Results@#Among the models, the accuracy of 13 feature factors and 7 feature factors were above 0.9, the sensitivity was up to 0.927, the specificity was up to 0.936 and the AUC was up to 0.979. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and AUC of the model were 0.943,0.959,0.931 and 0.978 respectively. The fitting and generalization effects of the three models were all satisfactory.@*Conclusion@#A random forest model based on the SRS Scales and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales can be used to diagnose ASD accurately and provide scientific basis for the development of rapid screening and diagnosis tools.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explain a structural model of posttraumatic growth among psychiatric nurses based on existing models and a literature review and verify its effectiveness.METHODS: Data were collected from psychiatric nurses in one special city, four metropolitan cities, and three regional cities from February to March 2016. Exogenous variables included hardiness and distress perception, while endogenous variables included self-disclosure, social support, deliberate rumination, and posttraumatic growth. Data from 489 psychiatric nurses were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0 and AMOS 20.0.RESULTS: The modified model was a good fit for the data. Tests on significance of the pathways of the modified model showed that nine of the 14 paths were supported, and the explanatory power of posttraumatic growth by included variables in the model was 69.2%. For posttraumatic growth among psychiatric nurses, deliberate rumination had a direct effect as the variable that had the largest influence. Indirect effects were found in the order of hardiness, social support, and distress perception. Self-disclosure showed both direct and indirect effects.CONCLUSION: A strategy to improve deliberate rumination is necessary when seeking to improve posttraumatic growth among psychiatric nurses. Enhancing psychiatric nurses' hardiness before trauma would enable them to actively express negative emotions after trauma, allowing them to receive more social support. This would improve deliberate rumination and consequently help promote psychological growth among psychiatric nurses who have experienced trauma.
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Models, Structural , Psychiatric NursingABSTRACT
Objective@#Based on the information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model theory, the structural equation model(SEM)was used to analyze the effect of using new media to carry out AIDS health education among young students.@*Methods@#Stratified random cluster sampling method was used to select 2 561 students from four colleges in Yantai to conduct a questionnaire survey, and to carry out various forms of new media AIDS health education for the intervention group. Data were analyzed with structural equation model.@*Results@#After intervention，the awareness rate of AIDS were 85.9% and 94.0% respectively(χ2=46.67，P<0.01). The structural equation model fits well, and the fitted indices were: RMSEA=0.04, GFI=0.97, AGFI=0.96, IFI=0.97, CFI=0.98. The direct effects of new media interventions on prevention information and prevention motivation were 0.30 and 0.65 respectively. The influence of information and motivation on preventive behavior was mainly reflected through the indirect effect of behavioral skills. The overall effects of standardization were 0.09 and 0.29 respectively. The overall effect of behavioral skills on preventive behavior was 0.80, which was the main factor affecting HIV prevention behavior.@*Conclusion@#The use of new media to carry out AIDS health education among young students had a significant effect. Motivation promotion should be used as a new breakthrough point for future work, and information, motivation, and behavioral skills should be used to promote the prevention of AIDS prevention among young students.
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RESUMEN Fundamento: Los estudios de causalidad deben aportar resultados certeros, lo cual depende de la adecuación de los mismos, de ahí la necesidad de conocer los métodos que aseguren la validez de estas investigaciones. Objetivo: Sistematizar los métodos actuales para el estudio de causalidad en Medicina que incluye el diseño, los requerimientos que aseguran su validez y los métodos para el cumplimiento de estos requerimientos. Desarrollo: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en bases de datos biomédicas, se seleccionó la literatura de mayor actualidad, integralidad y cientificidad con la cual se organizó una síntesis crítica, a la que se le agregó la experiencia de las autoras. Se presentan técnicas para la detección y tratamiento de la confusión y la interacción y para garantizar la comparabilidad entre grupos. Entre las técnicas se destacan la aleatorización mendeliana, el puntaje de susceptibilidad, los G-métodos, los modelos estructurales marginales y anidados, la lógica difusa y el análisis estadístico implicativo. Conclusiones: A pesar del avance en los métodos estadísticos es el investigador el encargado de garantizar la no confusión residual y discernir entre lo estadísticamente significativo y lo clínicamente aceptable.
ABSTRACT Background: Causality studies must provide accurate results, which depends on their adequacy, therefore the need of knowing the methods that ensure the validity of these investigations. Objective: To systematize the current methods for the study of causality in Medicine that includes the design, the requirements that ensure its validity and the methods for complying with these requirements. Development: It was carried out a bibliographic review in biomedical databases and selected the most current, comprehensive, scientific literature, with this, a critical synthesis was organized, with the experience of the authors. Techniques for the detection and treatment of confusion and interaction were presented, also to ensure comparability between groups. Among the techniques, Mendelian randomization, susceptibility score, G-methods, marginal and nested structural models, fuzzy logic and implicative statistical analysis stand out. Conclusions: Despite the progress in statistical methods, the researcher is responsible for guaranteeing residual non-confusion and distinguishing between statistically significant and clinically acceptable.
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Reproducibility of Results , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Biomedical Research/statistics & numerical data , Case-Control Studies , Regression Analysis , Models, StructuralABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop a structural model based on Bronfenbrenner's ecology of human development theory, that illustrates relationships of happiness and associated factors among Korean college students. METHODS: Study participants were 357 college students recruited from five universities throughout the convenience sampling. Self-reported data were collected from November, 2018 to January, 2019. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and a structural equation modeling in order to identify factors associated with college students' happiness. RESULTS: The tested model demonstrated the acceptable model fit compared to the hypothesized model, that explained college students' happiness with 68.7% accuracy. Positive family function, high self esteem and ego-resilience were significant factors associated with happiness for college students. However, positive friend support was not significant in our model. CONCLUSION: Our study findings suggest that both family and individual interventions are required to reduce negative emotions and increase happiness of college students. In particular, multicomponent interventions should include the concepts of self esteem, ego-resilience, and family function in terms of assessment and intervention contents tailored to Korean college students.
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Humans , Ecology , Ecosystem , Friends , Happiness , Human Development , Models, Structural , Self ConceptABSTRACT
Objective@#Assist in clinical decision making by building models to predict the probability of clinically significant prostate cancer (CSPCa) with prostate imaging reporting and data system version 2 (PI-RADs v2) 3 and avoid unnecessary biopsy.@*Methods@#It’s a retrospective study which maintained database of 218 consecutive men who received prostate biopsy and with PI-RADs v2 category 3 in Capital Medical University, Beijing Friendship Hospital between January 2012 to July 2018, the average age was 70.7 years, and the age range was 63-77 years. Among them, 137 patients with benign diseases, 30 patients with clinically insignificant prostate cancer (CIPCa), and 51 patients with CSPCa. Models were established based on clinical variables. The measurement data were expressed as the median (interquartile range) [M(P25, P75)], and the rank sum test was used for comparison between groups; the Chi-square test was used for comparison between the count data groups. The decision curve was used to determine the clinical net benefit unilateral factors generated by the application of the model, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine the predictors of positive outcomes. The diagnostic performance of the predictive model was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating curve, which was used to assess the overestimation or underestimation of the model, and the decision curve was used to determine the clinical net gain from the application of the model.@*Results@#Detection of prostate caner (PCa) and CSPCa in the PI-RADs v2 cohort were 37.2% (81/218) and 23.4% (51/218). The median prostate specific antigen of CSPCa patients was 12.1 ng/ml, which was higher than CIPCa (9.5 ng/ml) and benign (10.5 ng/ml) patients. The median prostate volume of CSPCa patients was 41.2 ml, lower than CIPCa (45.8 ml) and benign (57.3 ml) patients. The median prostate special antigen density (PSAD) was 0.28 ng/ml2, higher than CIPCa (0.20 ng/ml2) and benign (0.15 ng/ml2) patients. The predictive power of the developed model, based on age, PSAD, lesion region and ADC value, showed a higher AUC than that of parameters alone. Internally validated calibration curves showed that the nomogram might overestimate the risk of PCa when the threshold was above 35%. As for CSPCa, the predicted risk was closer to actual probability when the threshold was above 60%. Decision curves showed that a better net benefit was met when the model was used to guide clinical practice.@*Conclusions@#The models based on age, PSAD, lesion region and ADC value showed internally validated high predictive value for both PCa and CSPCa. It could be used to improve the detection rate of CSPCa and avoid unnecessary biopsy.
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Objective Assist in clinical decision making by building models to predict the probability of clinically significant prostate cancer (CSPCa) with prostate imaging reporting and data system version 2 (PI-RADs v2) 3and avoid unnecessary biopsy.Methods It's a retrospective study which maintained database of 218 consecutive men who received prostate biopsy and with PI-RADs v2 category 3 in Capital Medical University,Beijing Friendship Hospital between January 2012 to July 2018,the average age was 70.7 years,and the age range was 63-77 years.Among them,137 patients with benign diseases,30 patients with clinically insignificant prostate cancer (CIPCa),and 51 patients with CSPCa.Models were established based on clinical variables.The measurement data were expressed as the median (interquartile range) [M(P25,P75)],and the rank sum test was used for comparison between groups;the Chi-square test was used for comparison between the count data groups.The decision curve was used to determine the clinical net benefit unilateral factors generated by the application of the model,univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine the predictors of positive outcomes.The diagnostic performance of the predictive model was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating curve,which was used to assess the overestimation or underestimation of the model,and the decision curve was used to determine the clinical net gain from the application of the model.Results Detection of prostate caner (PCa) and CSPCa in the PI-RADs v2 cohort were 37.2％ (81/218) and 23.4％ (51/218).The median prostate specific antigen of CSPCa patients was 12.1 ng/ml,which was higher than CIPCa (9.5 ng/ml) and benign (10.5 ng/ml) patients.The median prostate volume of CSPCa patients was 41.2 ml,lower than CIPCa (45.8 ml) and benign (57.3 ml) patients.The median prostate special antigen density (PSAD) was 0.28 ng/ml2,higher than CIPCa (0.20 ng/ml2) and benign (0.15 ng/ml2) patients.The predictive power of the developed model,based on age,PSAD,lesion region and ADC value,showed a higher AUC than that of parameters alone.Internally validated calibration curves showed that the nomogram might overestimate the risk of PCa when the threshold was above 35％.As for CSPCa,the predicted risk was closer to actual probability wben the threshold was above 60％.Decision curves showed that a better net benefit was met when the model was used to guide clinical practice.Conclusions The models based on age,PSAD,lesion region and ADC value showed internally validated high predictive value for both PCa and CSPCa.It could be used to improve the detection rate of CSPCa and avoid unnecessary biopsy.
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Objective@#To make three-dimensional prototyped models of nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses for endoscopic skills training and teaching and to verify and evaluate the fidelity of the models.@*Methods@#Imaging data of a patient with nasal septum deviation was selected for prototyping the nasal cavities model, and the imaging data of a patient with chronic rhinosinusitis who underwent the endoscopic sinus surgery 4 months ago was selected for the paranasal sinuses model. Both patients came from the Department of Rhinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. The models were printed by the desktop-level printer based on the fused deposition modeling (FDM). The evaluations of anatomical structures and prespecified tasks on the simulators were completed by 5 residents and 5 experts of Rhinology.The models were evaluated by survey ratings based on a 5-point Likert scale. The average time to complete each task was calculated.Mann-Whitney nonparametric test was used to assess the differences between experts and residents groups. The statistical significance level was set at P<0.05.@*Results@#All the components of the two models were prototyped in 24 h. For the nasal cavities model, the scores of each anatomical structure were more than 4.0. As to the paranasal sinuses model, except for the frontal sinus (3.6), the scores of each anatomical structure were more than 4.0. All the participants who performed the prespecified tasks evaluated the models well (>4.0). With the nasal cavity simulator, the experts completed the tasks (nasal cavity and nasopharyngeal endoscopy, removal of nasal foreign body, nasal packing, pledget insertion), and the other tasks (the nasal cavity and nasopharyngeal endoscopy, identification of ostiums of paranasal sinuses, maxillary sinus debridement with 70° nasal endoscopy) were completed with paranasal sinus model. The average time to complete each task by experts group and residents group (M (P25, P75)) were 10.3 (10.0, 10.7) s vs 17.1 (14.6, 20.7) s, 2.1 (2.0, 2.2) s vs 3.4 (2.6, 4.7) s, 30.1 (27.8, 32.8) s vs 59.2 (52.0, 65.4) s, 54.8 (50.1, 63.2) s vs 92.2 (79.3, 106.9) s, 9.3 (8.7, 9.9) s vs 14.5 (13.3, 14.9) s, 20.1 (19.3, 21.2) s vs 41.9 (35.5, 45.1) s, 31.1 (28.8, 35.2) s vs 52.8 (47.7, 56.3) s, respectively, and the average time to complete each task was shorter for the experts group than for the residents (U value was 0, 1.000, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, respectively, all P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The models of nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses made by our desktop-level FDM 3D-printer are useful for endoscopic training skills.
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Objective@#To explore the application value of three dimensional (3D) printing technique in the surgical treatment of nasal skull base tumor.@*Methods@#Seven patients with complicated skull base tumors admitted in Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Neurosurgery of Tianjin HuanHu Hospital from Mar. 2017 to Feb. 2018 were selected. According to three sets of DICOM data of patients obtained from enhanced spiral CT scanning, navigation MRI scanning and CT angiography (CTA) magnetic navigation, data information of skull, blood vessel and tumor were extracted and reconstructed with different segmentation methods. The assembly and integration were achieved in the same coordinate system to form 3D visual composite virtual models. Combined with 3D printing technology, 3D visual composite virtual models were substantialized, and were applied for preoperative surgical strategy making and intraoperative reference.@*Results@#Virtual models of the nasal skull base of 7 patients were reconstructed successfully and 3D 1∶1 entity models were produced. The models demonstrated the relationship among the skull, tumors, and adjacent blood vessels.Seven cases were successfully performed.@*Conclusion@#3D virtual model of composite nasal skull base and its dissection model based on 3D printing technology can guide the medical staff to develop and perfect the operation scheme.
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Objective To validate the quantitative accuracy of 99Tcm-pertechnetate (99 Tcm O4-)SPECT/CT imaging and its influencing factors (sphere size,radioactive concentration,reconstruction methods).Methods National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) body phantom with 99TcmO4-solution filled in 6 spheres (diameter:10,13,17,22,28,37 mm) and 1 cylinder (target/background ratio:10∶1) was used to assess the accuracy of uptake quantification.SPECT/CT was used for imaging data acquisition,and volume of interest (VOI) was drawn after the images being corrected and reconstructed.The radioactive concentrations of 6 spheres were measured and compared with the true radioactive concentrations,and quantitative accuracy of each sphere was calculated.The experiment was repeated for 12 times with the same method and different radioactive concentrations.Ordered-subsets expectation maximization (OSEM) reconstruction was performed with 2 or 5 iterations to process imaging data.CT VOI and nuclear medicine (NM) threshold methods were used for the delineation of VOI.Accuracy was compared by paired t test.Results The NM thresholds to get calculated volume close to the true volume were determined to be 40％,40％,50％,70％,80％,90％ for 6 spheres with diameters of 37,28,22,17,13,10 mm,respectively.Comparing 2 methods of VOI delineation (CT VOI and NM threshold),only the accuracy for 17 mm sphere was significantly different (t=5.89,P＜0.01).Five iterations group showed higher accuracy than 2 iterations group (t values:3.19-6.92,all P＜0.05).The average accuracies under 12 different radioactive concentrations were 102％,95％,80％,66％,27％,20％,respectively,for spheres in order from large size to small size.Conclusion The sphere volume and reconstruction method have effect on quantitative accuracy of 99TcmO4-SPECT/CT imaging,and spheres smaller than 17 mm is also significantly affected by partial volume effect.
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Objective To investigate the methodology for absolute quantification with SPECT/CT using specified reconstruction algorithms and correction methods,and to determine the influence factors for quantitative accuracy.Methods The routine SPECT/CT imaging were performed with Jaszczak cylindrical phantom and International Electrotechnical Conmission (IEC) body phantom using a given acquisition and reconstruction parameter.The system volume sensitivities(SvoI)were acquired from the reconstructed images of Jaszczak phantom study.The absolute radioactivity of the hot spheres from IEC phantom study was calculated,and then the quantitative accuracies were checked.Differences of absolute quantitative value on quantitative accuracy were compared between 3 dimensional (3D)-ordered-subsets expectation maximization (OSEM) and 2 dimensional (2D)-OSEM,CT attenuation correction (AC) and no attenuation correction (NOAC),scatter correction (SC) and no scatter correction (NOSC),partial volume effect (PVE) correction and no PVE correction.Two-sample t test,one-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation analysis were used.Results When 3D-OSEM,CTAC,SC and PVE correction were used,the average difference between absolute quantitative value and true value (374 kBq/ml) was-2.49％ in 6 hot spheres,and there was no obvious correlation between the quantitative error and the spheres volume (r=-0.795,P＞0.05).In the absence of PVE correction,the quantitative error of each sphere increased with the decrease of sphere volume (r=-0.852,P＜0.05).Differences of the quantitative value and the true value for 6 hot spheres among different reconstruction/correction methods were statistically significant (F =826.631,P＜0.05).The difference was smaller in 3D-OSEM+CTAC+NOSC than that in 2D-OSEM+CTAC+NOSC:(52.83±13.79) vs (61.33 ± 15.00) k Bq/ml (P＜0.05).The similar results were found when comparing differences between 3DOSEM+CTAC+SC and 3D-OSEM+CTAC+NOSC,also between 3D-OSEM+CTAC+NOSC and 3D-OSEM+ NOAC+NOSC:(9.33±5.47) vs (52.83±13.79) kBq/ml,(52.83±13.79) vs (307.66±9.24) kBq/ml (both P＜0.05).Conclusions An accurate absolute quantitative value could be obtained with 3D-OSEM reconstruction algorithm,CTAC,SC and PVE correction in SPECT/CT imaging.
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China is the world's largest natural disaster type of country.Catastrophetoxicologywas introduced here about the significance,content,methods,research progress and trends of the catastrophe toxicology.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to set up a hypothetical model to explain causal relationships among influential variables in the mother-child relationship for Korean infants and toddlers and their mothers. The research was based on Barnard's (1978) mother-child relations model, and goodness-of-fit was examined. METHODS: The participants were 207 mothers with infants or toddlers. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS programs. RESULTS: Regarding the influence of the variables on the mother-child relationship between infants and toddlers and their mothers, social support had a 75% explanation of mother-child relationships, and attachment had a 58% explanation of social support. Attachment had both direct and indirect effects on the mother-child relationships, and social support had direct and total effects on the mother-child relationships. Among child-related variables, child temperament had a moderating effect on the mother-child relationships. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that the model has utility in developing effective nursing intervention methods to boost mother-child relationships between infants and toddlers and their mothers.
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Child , Humans , Infant , Mother-Child Relations , Mothers , Nursing , TemperamentABSTRACT
Este estudo teve o objetivo de traduzir e validar estatisticamente o Inventário de Consciência Metacognitiva (MAI), instrumento inédito na literatura em língua portuguesa. Foram coletadas 1058 respostas entre estudantes e profissionais de Administração na cidade Salvador, Bahia. A tradução adotou a metodologiaback translation e a validação estatística foi através da Análise Fatorial Confirmatória pelo Modelo de Equações Estruturais. O construto Consciência Metacognitiva relacionado ao MAI confirmou que as dimensões Consciência do Conhecimento das Habilidades e Estratégias Metacognitivas e Consciência das Estratégias de Regulação Metacognitivas apresentaram medidas de confiabilidade composta e a validade discriminante corroborou que as correlações entre estes indicadores e suas respectivas dimensões são mais fortes que as correlações entre as dimensões; ou seja, o construto Consciência Metacognitiva reúne validade discriminante, o que permite validar o instrumento traduzido.
This study aimed to translate and validate statistically the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI), new instrument in the literature in Portuguese. We collected 1058 responses from students and professionals in the city of Directors Salvador, Bahia. Translation adopted the methodology back translation and statistical validation was through Confirmatory Factor Analysis by Structural Equation Model. The construct Metacognitive Awareness related to MAI confirmed that the dimensions Awareness Knowledge Skills and Strategies Metacognitive and Awareness of Metacognitive Strategies Setting presented measures of composite reliability and discriminant validity confirmed that the correlations between these indicators and their dimensions are stronger than the correlations between dimensions, ie, the construct Metacognitive Awareness meets discriminant validity, which achieves validate the instrument translated.
Este estudio tuvo como objetivo traducir y validar estadísticamente el Inventario conciencia metacognitiva (MAI), nuevo instrumento en la literatura en lengua portuguesa. Se recogieron 1.058 respuestas de los estudiantes y profesionales de la ciudad de Administración de Salvador, Brazil. Traducción adoptó la traducción de vuelta metodología y validación estadística fue a través de análisis factorial confirmatorio mediante modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. La conciencia metacognitiva constructo relacionado con MAI confirmó que las dimensiones habilidades de conciencia conocimientos y estrategias metacognitivas y Conciencia de estrategias metacognitivas Configuración que se presentan las medidas de fiabilidad compuesta y la validez discriminante confirman que las correlaciones entre estos indicadores y sus dimensiones son más fuertes que las correlaciones entre las dimensiones, es decir, la conciencia metacognitiva constructo cumple la validez discriminante , que permite validar el instrumento traducido.
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Humans , Male , Female , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Models, Structural , Translating , Validation Studies as TopicABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present report is to present a systematic and critical review of the more recent literature data about structural abnormalities detected by magnetic ressonance in anxiety disorders. METHOD: A review of the literature in the last five years was conducted by a search of the Medline, Lilacs and SciELO indexing services using the following key words: "anxiety", "panic", "agoraphobia", "social anxiety", "posttraumatic" and "obsessive-compulsive", crossed one by one with "magnetic resonance", "voxel-based", "ROI" and "morphometry". RESULTS: We selected 134 articles and 41 of them were included in our review. Recent studies have shown significant morphological abnormalities in various brain regions of patients with anxiety disorders and healthy controls. Despite some apparently contradictory findings, perhaps reflecting the variability and limitations of the methodologies used, certain brain regions appear to be altered in a consistent and relatively specific manner in some anxiety disorders. These include the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex in posttraumatic stress disorder and the orbitofrontal cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The present review indicates that structural neuroimaging has contributed to a better understanding of the neurobiology of anxiety disorders. Further development of neuroimaging techniques, better sample standardization and the integration of data across neuroimaging modalities may extend progress in this area.
OBJETIVO: Apresentar uma revisão sistemática e crítica dos achados mais recentes da literatura em relação a alterações estruturais avaliados por ressonância magnética nos transtornos de ansiedade. MÉTODO: Uma revisão da literatura dos últimos cinco anos foi realizada utilizando uma busca nos indexadores Medline, Lilacs e SciELO utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: "anxiety", "panic", "agoraphobia", "social anxiety", "posttraumatic" e "obsessive-compulsive" cruzadas uma a uma com "magnetic ressonance", "voxel-based", "ROI" e "morphometry". RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados 134 artigos, sendo 41 foram incluídos nesta revisão. Estudos recentes mostram alterações morfológicas significativas entre os pacientes com transtorno de ansiedade e os controles saudáveis em várias regiões cerebrais. Apesar de achados contraditórios, sobretudo devido à variabilidade e às limitações nas metodologias utilizadas, algumas estruturas aparecem alteradas de forma mais consistente e relativamente específica em alguns transtornos de ansiedade, como o hipocampo e o córtex cingulado anterior no transtorno de estresse pós-traumático e o córtex orbitofrontal no transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo. CONCLUSÕES: A presente revisão aponta que a neuroimagem estrutural pode ser utilizada na busca de uma maior compreensão da neurobiologia dos transtornos de ansiedade. É possível que o rápido avanço das técnicas de neuroimagem, uma maior padronização das amostras e a associação de dados de diferentes modalidades permitam um maior entendimento deste cenário.